Sunan at-Tirmithiy كتاب الصلاة
حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادُ بْنُ السَّرِىِّ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِى الزِّنَادِ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَيَّاشِ بْنِ أَبِى رَبِيعَةَ عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ حَكِيمٍ وَهُوَ ابْنُ عَبَّادِ بْنِ حُنَيْفٍ أَخْبَرَنِى نَافِعُ بْنُ جُبَيْرِ بْنِ مُطْعِمٍ قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِى ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ النَّبِىَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ أَمَّنِى جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ عِنْدَ الْبَيْتِ مَرَّتَيْنِ فَصَلَّى الظُّهْرَ فِى الأُولَى مِنْهُمَا حِينَ كَانَ الْفَىْءُ مِثْلَ الشِّرَاكِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْعَصْرَ حِينَ كَانَ كُلُّ شَىْءٍ مِثْلَ ظِلِّهِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْمَغْرِبَ حِينَ وَجَبَتِ الشَّمْسُ وَأَفْطَرَ الصَّائِمُ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْعِشَاءَ حِينَ غَابَ الشَّفَقُ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْفَجْرَ حِينَ بَرَقَ الْفَجْرُ وَحَرُمَ الطَّعَامُ عَلَى الصَّائِمِ. وَصَلَّى الْمَرَّةَ الثَّانِيَةَ الظُّهْرَ حِينَ كَانَ ظِلُّ كُلِّ شَىْءٍ مِثْلَهُ لِوَقْتِ الْعَصْرِ بِالأَمْسِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْعَصْرَ حِينَ كَانَ ظِلُّ كُلِّ شَىْءٍ مِثْلَيْهِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْمَغْرِبَ لِوَقْتِهِ الأَوَّلِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الْعِشَاءَ الآخِرَةَ حِينَ ذَهَبَ ثُلُثُ اللَّيْلِ ثُمَّ صَلَّى الصُّبْحَ حِينَ أَسْفَرَتِ الأَرْضُ ثُمَّ الْتَفَتَ إِلَىَّ جِبْرِيلُ فَقَالَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ هَذَا وَقْتُ الأَنْبِيَاءِ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ. وَالْوَقْتُ فِيمَا بَيْنَ هَذَيْنِ الْوَقْتَيْنِ. قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى وَفِى الْبَابِ عَنْ أَبِى هُرَيْرَةَ وَبُرَيْدَةَ وَأَبِى مُوسَى وَأَبِى مَسْعُودٍ الأَنْصَارِىِّ وَأَبِى سَعِيدٍ وَجَابِرٍ وَعَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ وَالْبَرَاءِ وَأَنَسٍ.
The Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him said, "Gabriel led me in prayer at the house (1) two times (on two consecutive days). He prayed the noon prayer (2), the first time, when the shadow was the size of a shoe strap (the shortest shadow that could be observed). Then, he prayed the afternoon prayer (3) when everything was as long as its shadow. Then, he prayed the sunset prayer (4) when the sun set, the time when a fasting person breaks his [or her] fast. Then, he prayed the evening prayer (5) when the twilight disappeared. Then, he prayed the dawn prayer (6) when dawn broke, the time when food becomes prohibited for a fasting person. The second time, he prayed the noon prayer until the shadow of everything was equal to its length, the time at which he had prayed the afternoon prayer the day before (7). Then, he prayed the afternoon prayer when the shadow of everything was twice its length. Then, he prayed the sunset prayer at the same time as the day before. Then, he prayed the last evening prayer when one third of the night had passed. Then he prayed the dawn prayer when the earth shone with light. Then Gabriel turned to me and said, 'O Muhammad, thus was the timing (of prayer) for the prophets before you (8). The time [of each prayer] is between these two times (at which we prayed on each of the two days).'" Footnotes: (1) the sanctified house of God (al-Ka'bah) which is the most venerable structure in Islam, situated within in the Sanctified Mosque of Makkah. During prayer, Muslims face its direction, wherever they are in the world. (2) Second prescribed prayer of the day. (3) Third prescribed prayer of the day. (4) Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. (5) Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. (6) First prescribed prayer of the day. (7) He finished the noon prayer on the second day at the same time that he had started the afternoon prayer the first day. (8) i.e. The prayers of the prophets before you had extended times like these. Click on ḥadīth to read more
The Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him said, "Gabriel led me in prayer at the house (1) two times (on two consecutive days). He prayed the noon prayer (2), the first time, when the shadow was the size of a shoe strap (the shortest shadow that could be observed). Then, he prayed the afternoon prayer (3) when everything was as long as its shadow. Then, he prayed the sunset prayer (4) when the sun set, the time when a fasting person breaks his [or her] fast. Then, he prayed the evening prayer (5) when the twilight disappeared. Then, he prayed the dawn prayer (6) when dawn broke, the time when food becomes prohibited for a fasting person. The second time, he prayed the noon prayer until the shadow of everything was equal to its length, the time at which he had prayed the afternoon prayer the day before (7). Then, he prayed the afternoon prayer when the shadow of everything was twice its length. Then, he prayed the sunset prayer at the same time as the day before. Then, he prayed the last evening prayer when one third of the night had passed. Then he prayed the dawn prayer when the earth shone with light. Then Gabriel turned to me and said, 'O Muhammad, thus was the timing (of prayer) for the prophets before you (8). The time [of each prayer] is between these two times (at which we prayed on each of the two days).'" Footnotes: (1) the sanctified house of God (al-Ka'bah) which is the most venerable structure in Islam, situated within in the Sanctified Mosque of Makkah. During prayer, Muslims face its direction, wherever they are in the world. (2) Second prescribed prayer of the day. (3) Third prescribed prayer of the day. (4) Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. (5) Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. (6) First prescribed prayer of the day. (7) He finished the noon prayer on the second day at the same time that he had started the afternoon prayer the first day. (8) i.e. The prayers of the prophets before you had extended times like these. Click on ḥadīth to read more
أَخْبَرَنِى أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُوسَى أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ أَخْبَرَنَا حُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِىِّ بْنِ حُسَيْنٍ أَخْبَرَنِى وَهْبُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ أَمَّنِى جِبْرِيلُ. فَذَكَرَ نَحْوَ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ بِمَعْنَاهُ. وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ فِيهِ لِوَقْتِ الْعَصْرِ بِالأَمْسِ. قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ غَرِيبٌ. وَحَدِيثُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَصَحُّ شَىْءٍ فِى الْمَوَاقِيتِ حَدِيثُ جَابِرٍ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم. قَالَ وَحَدِيثُ جَابِرٍ فِى الْمَوَاقِيتِ قَدْ رَوَاهُ عَطَاءُ بْنُ أَبِى رَبَاحٍ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ دِينَارٍ وَأَبُو الزُّبَيْرِعَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم نَحْوَ حَدِيثِ وَهْبِ بْنِ كَيْسَانَ عَنْ جَابِرٍ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم.
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, said, "Gabriel led me in prayer..." and he mentioned what is similar in meaning to the hadīth of Ibn-Abbās, but did not mention [the phrase] "the time at which he had prayed the afternoon prayer the day before." Click on ḥadīth to read more
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, said, "Gabriel led me in prayer..." and he mentioned what is similar in meaning to the hadīth of Ibn-Abbās, but did not mention [the phrase] "the time at which he had prayed the afternoon prayer the day before." Click on ḥadīth to read more
حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادٌ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ فُضَيْلٍ عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ عَنْ أَبِى صَالِحٍ عَنْ أَبِى هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِنَّ لِلصَّلاَةِ أَوَّلاً وَآخِرًا وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ وَقْتِ صَلاَةِ الظُّهْرِ حِينَ تَزُولُ الشَّمْسُ وَآخِرَ وَقْتِهَا حِينَ يَدْخُلُ وَقْتُ الْعَصْرِ وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ وَقْتِ صَلاَةِ الْعَصْرِ حِينَ يَدْخُلُ وَقْتُهَا وَإِنَّ آخِرَ وَقْتِهَا حِينَ تَصْفَرُّ الشَّمْسُ وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ وَقْتِ الْمَغْرِبِ حِينَ تَغْرُبُ الشَّمْسُ وَإِنَّ آخِرَ وَقْتِهَا حِينَ يَغِيبُ الأُفُقُ وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ وَقْتِ الْعِشَاءِ الآخِرَةِ حِينَ يَغِيبُ الأُفُقُ وَإِنَّ آخِرَ وَقْتِهَا حِينَ يَنْتَصِفُ اللَّيْلُ وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ وَقْتِ الْفَجْرِ حِينَ يَطْلُعُ الْفَجْرُ وَإِنَّ آخِرَ وَقْتِهَا حِينَ تَطْلُعُ الشَّمْسُ. قَالَ وَفِى الْبَابِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو. قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى وَسَمِعْتُ مُحَمَّدًا يَقُولُ حَدِيثُ الأَعْمَشِ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ فِى الْمَوَاقِيتِ أَصَحُّ مِنْ حَدِيثِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ فُضَيْلٍ عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ وَحَدِيثُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ فُضَيْلٍ خَطَأٌ أَخْطَأَ فِيهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ فُضَيْلٍ. حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادٌ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ عَنْ أَبِى إِسْحَاقَ الْفَزَارِىِّ عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ قَالَ كَانَ يُقَالُ إِنَّ لِلصَّلاَةِ أَوَّلاً وَآخِرًا فَذَكَرَ نَحْوَ حَدِيثِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ فُضَيْلٍ عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ نَحْوَهُ بِمَعْنَاهُ.
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, said, "Indeed, the time of prayer has a beginning and an end. The beginning time for the noon prayer (1) is when the sun passes its zenith, and the end of its time is when the time of the afternoon prayer(2) begins. The beginning time for the afternoon prayer is when its time begins(3), and the end of its time is when the sun turns yellow(4). The beginning time for the sunset prayer(5) is when the sun sets, and the end of its time is when the horizon disappears (from view). The beginning time for the last evening prayer (6) is when the horizon disappears (from view), and the end of its time is when half the night has passed(3). The beginning time for the dawn prayer (first prescribed prayer of the day) is when dawn breaks, and the end of its time is when the sun rises." Footnotes: 1. Second prescribed prayer of the day. 2. Third prescribed prayer of the day. 3. Its time was well-known to the Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him. 4. This refers to the darkening of the color of the sun as the day progresses. This is the end of its chosen and preferable time, but the actual ending of its time is when the sun sets, although it should not be delayed that much except in cases of necessity. 5. Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. 6. Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. Click on ḥadīth to read more
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, said, "Indeed, the time of prayer has a beginning and an end. The beginning time for the noon prayer (1) is when the sun passes its zenith, and the end of its time is when the time of the afternoon prayer(2) begins. The beginning time for the afternoon prayer is when its time begins(3), and the end of its time is when the sun turns yellow(4). The beginning time for the sunset prayer(5) is when the sun sets, and the end of its time is when the horizon disappears (from view). The beginning time for the last evening prayer (6) is when the horizon disappears (from view), and the end of its time is when half the night has passed(3). The beginning time for the dawn prayer (first prescribed prayer of the day) is when dawn breaks, and the end of its time is when the sun rises." Footnotes: 1. Second prescribed prayer of the day. 2. Third prescribed prayer of the day. 3. Its time was well-known to the Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him. 4. This refers to the darkening of the color of the sun as the day progresses. This is the end of its chosen and preferable time, but the actual ending of its time is when the sun sets, although it should not be delayed that much except in cases of necessity. 5. Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. 6. Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. Click on ḥadīth to read more
حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَنِيعٍ وَالْحَسَنُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ الْبَزَّارُ وَأَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُوسَى الْمَعْنَى وَاحِدٌ قَالُوا حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الأَزْرَقُ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِىِّ عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ مَرْثَدٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ أَتَى النَّبِىَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم رَجُلٌ فَسَأَلَهُ عَنْ مَوَاقِيتِ الصَّلاَةِ فَقَالَ أَقِمْ مَعَنَا إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ. فَأَمَرَ بِلاَلاً فَأَقَامَ حِينَ طَلَعَ الْفَجْرُ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ فَأَقَامَ حِينَ زَالَتِ الشَّمْسُ فَصَلَّى الظُّهْرَ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ فَأَقَامَ فَصَلَّى الْعَصْرَ وَالشَّمْسُ بَيْضَاءُ مُرْتَفِعَةٌ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ بِالْمَغْرِبِ حِينَ وَقَعَ حَاجِبُ الشَّمْسِ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ بِالْعِشَاءِ فَأَقَامَ حِينَ غَابَ الشَّفَقُ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ مِنَ الْغَدِ فَنَوَّرَ بِالْفَجْرِ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ بِالظُّهْرِ فَأَبْرَدَ وَأَنْعَمَ أَنْ يُبْرِدَ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ بِالْعَصْرِ فَأَقَامَ وَالشَّمْسُ آخِرَ وَقْتِهَا فَوْقَ مَا كَانَتْ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ فَأَخَّرَ الْمَغْرِبَ إِلَى قُبَيْلِ أَنْ يَغِيبَ الشَّفَقُ ثُمَّ أَمَرَهُ بِالْعِشَاءِ فَأَقَامَ حِينَ ذَهَبَ ثُلُثُ اللَّيْلِ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَيْنَ السَّائِلُ عَنْ مَوَاقِيتِ الصَّلاَةِ. فَقَالَ الرَّجُلُ أَنَا. فَقَالَ مَوَاقِيتُ الصَّلاَةِ كَمَا بَيْنَ هَذَيْنِ. قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ غَرِيبٌ صَحِيحٌ. قَالَ وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ شُعْبَةُ عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ مَرْثَدٍ أَيْضًا.
A man came to the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him, and asked him about the times for prayer. The Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him said, "Stay with us, if God wills." He then instructed Bilāl who called (announced) the start of prayer(1) when dawn broke. Thereafter, he instructed him and Bilāl called the start of prayer when the sun passed its zenith, and he prayed the noon prayer (2). Then, he instructed him and Bilāl called the start of prayer, and he prayed the afternoon prayer (3) while the sun was white and high in the sky. Then, he instructed him to call for the sunset prayer (4) when the highest tip of the sun fell (below the horizon). Then, he instructed him to call for the evening prayer (5) and Bilāl called the start of prayer when the twilight disappeared. The following day, he instructed him [to call for the pre-dawn prayer] when there was clear daylight. Then, he instructed him to call for the noon prayer and waited for the weather to cool and the extreme heat to subside before praying. Then, he instructed him to call for the afternoon prayer, and he (Bilāl) called the start of prayer while the sun was at the end of its time, beyond what it was previously(6). Then, he instructed him to call for the sunset prayer and delayed the sunset prayer until shortly before the twilight disappeared. Then, he instructed him to call for the evening prayer and he (Bilāl) called the start of prayer when one third of the night had passed. Then he said, "Where is the man who inquired about the times for prayer?" The man replied, "Here I am." He (the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him) then said, "The times for prayer are between these two (times)."(7) Footnote: 1. (Iqāmah): A shorter and quicker version of the call to prayer that is made to announce that the prayer is about to start. It is usually made up to twenty minutes after the call to prayer (Athān) to give worshippers time to gather for prayer. 2. Second prescribed prayer of the day. 3. Third prescribed prayer of the day. 4. Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. 5. Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. 6. Meaning that on the second day he prayed the afternoon prayer when the shadow of an object was twice its size, and on the first day he prayed it when the shadow of an object was equal to its size. 7. Meaning that the time that the prayer was made on the first day was the starting point for the prayer time, and the time it was made on the second day was its ending time. Click on ḥadīth to read more
A man came to the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him, and asked him about the times for prayer. The Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him said, "Stay with us, if God wills." He then instructed Bilāl who called (announced) the start of prayer(1) when dawn broke. Thereafter, he instructed him and Bilāl called the start of prayer when the sun passed its zenith, and he prayed the noon prayer (2). Then, he instructed him and Bilāl called the start of prayer, and he prayed the afternoon prayer (3) while the sun was white and high in the sky. Then, he instructed him to call for the sunset prayer (4) when the highest tip of the sun fell (below the horizon). Then, he instructed him to call for the evening prayer (5) and Bilāl called the start of prayer when the twilight disappeared. The following day, he instructed him [to call for the pre-dawn prayer] when there was clear daylight. Then, he instructed him to call for the noon prayer and waited for the weather to cool and the extreme heat to subside before praying. Then, he instructed him to call for the afternoon prayer, and he (Bilāl) called the start of prayer while the sun was at the end of its time, beyond what it was previously(6). Then, he instructed him to call for the sunset prayer and delayed the sunset prayer until shortly before the twilight disappeared. Then, he instructed him to call for the evening prayer and he (Bilāl) called the start of prayer when one third of the night had passed. Then he said, "Where is the man who inquired about the times for prayer?" The man replied, "Here I am." He (the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him) then said, "The times for prayer are between these two (times)."(7) Footnote: 1. (Iqāmah): A shorter and quicker version of the call to prayer that is made to announce that the prayer is about to start. It is usually made up to twenty minutes after the call to prayer (Athān) to give worshippers time to gather for prayer. 2. Second prescribed prayer of the day. 3. Third prescribed prayer of the day. 4. Fourth prescribed prayer of the day. 5. Fifth prescribed prayer of the day. 6. Meaning that on the second day he prayed the afternoon prayer when the shadow of an object was twice its size, and on the first day he prayed it when the shadow of an object was equal to its size. 7. Meaning that the time that the prayer was made on the first day was the starting point for the prayer time, and the time it was made on the second day was its ending time. Click on ḥadīth to read more
حَدَّثَنَا هَنَّادُ بْنُ السَّرِىِّ حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنِ الأَسْوَدِ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا كَانَ أَشَدَّ تَعْجِيلاً لِلظُّهْرِ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَلاَ مِنْ أَبِى بَكْرٍ وَلاَ مِنْ عُمَرَ. قَالَ وَفِى الْبَابِ عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ وَخَبَّابٍ وَأَبِى بَرْزَةَ وَابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ وَزَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ وَأَنَسٍ وَجَابِرِ بْنِ سَمُرَةَ. قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى حَدِيثُ عَائِشَةَ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ. وَهُوَ الَّذِى اخْتَارَهُ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم وَمَنْ بَعْدَهُمْ. قَالَ عَلِىُّ بْنُ الْمَدِينِىِّ قَالَ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ وَقَدْ تَكَلَّمَ شُعْبَةُ فِى حَكِيمِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ مِنْ أَجْلِ حَدِيثِهِ الَّذِى رَوَى عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم مَنْ سَأَلَ النَّاسَ وَلَهُ مَا يُغْنِيهِ. قَالَ يَحْيَى وَرَوَى لَهُ سُفْيَانُ وَزَائِدَةُ وَلَمْ يَرَ يَحْيَى بِحَدِيثِهِ بَأْسًا. قَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ وَقَدْ رُوِىَ عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ عَنِ النَّبِىِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِى تَعْجِيلِ الظُّهْرِ.
[Ā'ishah said,] "I have never seen anyone hasten [to pray] the noon prayer (1) more than the Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, and Abu-Bakr, and Umar." Footnote: 1- Second prescribed prayer of the day. Click on ḥadīth to read more
[Ā'ishah said,] "I have never seen anyone hasten [to pray] the noon prayer (1) more than the Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, and Abu-Bakr, and Umar." Footnote: 1- Second prescribed prayer of the day. Click on ḥadīth to read more
